Emojis as Anchors to Detect Arabic Offensive Language and Hate Speech. (arXiv:2201.06723v2 [cs.CL] UPDATED)

We introduce a generic, language-independent method to collect a large
percentage of offensive and hate tweets regardless of their topics or genres.
We harness the extralinguistic information embedded in the emojis to collect a
large number of offensive tweets. We apply the proposed method on Arabic tweets
and compare it with English tweets - analysing key cultural differences. We
observed a constant usage of these emojis to represent offensiveness throughout
different timespans on Twitter. We manually annotate and publicly release …

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