How is the search term disambiguation implemented in the modern search engine?

Hi experts,

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I can understand it on a high-level, by guessing and googling: The search engine exploits information such as location, search history, context, etc.

(typical examples: apple(company & fruit), football(U.S. & U.K.))

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But how? How is the disambiguation process actually implemented in the production system? Is the disambiguation an independent model? Or part of the embedding stage? In both cases, how is it trained and maintained? How does it adapt to a new popular ambiguous search term? …

apple cases constraints context embedding etc examples experts exploits football history independent information languagetechnology latency location part popular process production search search engine stage