Is ActiveRecord right in omitting parentheses in queries? (and how ChatGPT lies again)

I need to get a selection of users with an SQL query like this:

sql =<<~SQL
    token IS NULL OR
    (
      token = 'some_token'
      AND (
        state = 'cancelled' AND created_at > ?
        OR state = 'submitted'
      )
    )
  SQL
User.where(sql, Time.now)

I don't like to have SQL in my queries — all hidden code in scopes is now pops up, and it is hard to compose.

But could I rewrite this query with ActiveRecord? Let's try:

User
  .where(token: nil) …

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