What kind of mathematical foundations are required for conducting research across the vast specialised branches of AI/ML/DL? [D]

The absolute basic mathematics that is required to understand basic ML/DL are calculus, linear algebra, probability and some convex optimisation. We are all aware of that.

But ML and DL has become a vast field both in breadth and depth. A single person can't understand the field entirely. There are specialistions and sub-specialisations and further more.

If you work in a branch of ML/DL research where some other math fundamentals are needed to understand research papers and do innovative research, …

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